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Domestic violence - Wikipedia. Domestic violence (also named domestic abuse, battering, or family violence) is a pattern of behavior which involves violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. Intimate partner violence is violence by a spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other spouse or partner. Domestic violence can take place in heterosexual and same- sex family relationships, and can involve violence against children in the family or, in some U. S. Domestic murders include stoning, bride burning, honor killings, and dowry deaths. Globally, the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women, and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence.
Research has also shown there to be a direct and significant correlation between a country's level of gender equality, and actual rates of domestic violence. It may produce intergenerational cycles of abuse in children and other family members, who may feel that such violence is acceptable or condoned. Very few people recognize themselves as abusers or victims because they may consider their experiences as family disputes that just got out of control. Domestic violence often happens in the context of forced or child marriage. Victims of domestic violence may be trapped in domestic violent situations through isolation, power and control, cultural acceptance, lack of financial resources, fear, shame, or to protect children. As a result of abuse, victims may experience physical disabilities, chronic health problems, mental illness, limited finances, and poor ability to create healthy relationships. Victims may experience psychological problems, such as post- traumatic stress disorder.
Children who live in a household with violence often show psychological problems from an early age, such as dysregulated aggression which may later contribute to continuing the legacy of abuse when they reach adulthood. Terms such as wife abuse, wife beating, and battering were used, but have declined in popularity due to efforts to include unmarried partners, abuse other than physical, female perpetrators, and same- sex relationships. Circa 1. 40. 0. Prior to the mid- 1. Throughout the region of Romulus in Rome and under the laws of Chastisement, wife beating by stick or belt was accepted by the authorities. However, during the early 1.
Again, most legal systems fail to criminalize circumstances where a wife is forced to have sexual relations with her husband against her will. In its explanatory report it acknowledges the long tradition of European countries of ignoring, de jure or de facto, these forms of violence. The most prominent example is rape within marriage, which for a long time had not been recognised as rape because of the relationship between victim and perpetrator. India has, in recent decades, made efforts to curtail dowry violence: the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) was enacted in 2. In 2. 00. 2, Widney Brown, advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, argued that there are similarities between the dynamics of crimes of passion and honor killings, stating that: .
For example, in Ancient Rome, a father could legally kill his children. Many cultures have allowed fathers to sell their children into slavery. Child sacrifice was also a common practice. Prior to this, injuries to children.
Instead, physicians often looked for undiagnosed bone diseases or accepted parents' accounts of accidental mishaps such as falls or assaults by neighborhood bullies. Physical violence can be the culmination of other abusive behavior, such as threats, intimidation, and restriction of victim self- determination through isolation, manipulation and other limitations of personal freedom.
In the United Kingdom, 3. Between 4. 0 and 7.
Canada, Australia, South Africa, Israel and the United States were killed by an intimate partner. The risk of domestic violence for women who have been pregnant is greatest immediately after childbirth. The act is often a result of demands for more or prolonged dowry after the marriage. In 2. 01. 1, the National Crime Records Bureau reported 8,6. India, but unofficial figures estimate at least three times this amount. It also includes obligatory inspections for virginity and female genital mutilation.
The sexual abuse of children under the age of consent by priests has received significant media and public attention in the United States, Canada, Ireland, the United.
This could be because of underage immaturity, illness, disability, or the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or due to intimidation or pressure. For instance, in Malawi some parents arrange for an older man, often called . In northern Ghana, for example, payment of bride price signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face threats of violence and reprisals. It is under- reported, under- prosecuted, and legal in many countries, due in part to the belief that through marriage, a woman gives irrevocable consent for her husband to have sex with her when he wishes. The countries which ratified the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women. Economic abuse may involve preventing a spouse from resource acquisition, limiting what the victim may use, or by otherwise exploiting economic resources of the victim. Abusive relations have been associated with malnutrition among both mothers and children.
In India, for example, the withholding of food is a documented form of family abuse. Limitations of existing survey tools (e. The authors found that if one examines who is physically harmed and how seriously, expresses more fear, experience subsequent psychological problems, domestic violence is significantly gendered toward women as victims. However, they went on to conclude .
For example, using broader terms like family violence rather than violence against women. A 2. 01. 2 review from the journal Psychology of Violence found that women suffered disproportionately as a result of intimate partner violence, especially in terms of injuries, fear, and posttraumatic stress. While it is generally outlawed in the Western world, this is not the case in many developing countries. For instance, in 2. United Arab Emirates's Supreme Court ruled that a man has the right to physically discipline his wife and children as long as he does not leave physical marks. While in most developed countries domestic violence is considered unacceptable by most people, in many regions of the world the views are different: according to a UNICEF survey, the percentage of women aged 1. Femicides often occur in the context of DV, such as honor killings or dowry killings.
For statistical purposes, femicide is often defined as any killing of a woman. The top countries by rate of femicide are El Salvador, Jamaica, Guatemala, South Africa and Russia (data from 2. Males are also more likely to use sexual aggression, although both genders are equally likely to pressure their partner into sexual activities. In addition, females are four times more likely to respond as having experienced rape and are more likely to suffer fatal injuries inflicted by their partner, or to need psychological help as a result of the abuse.
Females are more likely to consider IPV a serious problem than are their male counterparts, who are more likely to disregard female- perpetrated IPV. In most countries parental corporal punishment is not considered a form of DV (if it is not excessive), but some countries, mostly in Europe and Latin America, have made any form of child corporal punishment illegal. Since domestic violence is a pattern of behavior, these incidences may increase in severity and frequency, resulting in an increased probability the children themselves will become victims. The estimated overlap between domestic violence and child abuse ranges from 3.
The first country to outlaw parental corporal punishment was Sweden (parents' right to spank their own children was first removed in 1. As of 2. 01. 6, parental corporal punishment is banned in 5. The Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention states, . Studies on abuse between gay male or lesbian partners usually rely on small convenience samples such as lesbian or gay male members of an association. A 1. 99. 7 Canadian study by Mark W. Lehman suggests similarities include frequency (approximately one in every four couples); manifestations (emotional, physical, financial, etc.); co- existent situations (unemployment, substance abuse, low self- esteem); victims' reactions (fear, feelings of helplessness, hypervigilance); and reasons for staying (love, can work it out, things will change, denial). This includes potential dismissal by police and some social services, a lack of support from peers, fear of attracting negative stigma toward the gay community, the impact of HIV/AIDS status in keeping partners together (due to health care insurance/access, or guilt), threat of outing, and encountering supportive services that are targeted, or structured for the needs of heterosexual women, and may not meet the needs of gay men or lesbians.
This service structure can make LGBTQ victims feel even more isolated and misunderstood than they may already because of their minority status. By contrast, fear and avoidance of legal consequences, the tendency to blame their partner, and a narrative focus on their own needs and emotions reduced the likelihood of self- reporting perpetration in men. This is because in most of these countries the relation between the husband and wife is not considered one of equals, but instead one in which the wife must submit herself to the husband. This is codified in the laws of some countries . While beatings of wives are often a response to .
In one survey, 3. Jordan's capital city, Amman, approved of honor killings. This survey was carried in the capital of Jordan, which is much more liberal than other parts of the country; the researchers said that .
A 2. 01. 2 report by UNICEF found that 5. Indian boys and 5.